
Timeline
1 September 1939
World War II officially starts. Germany invades Poland, leading to Britain and France to declare war on Germany.
2 September 1940
Japan enters WWII.
October – December 1941
The Munson Report is created by Curtis B. Munson. FDR asks John Franklin Carter (who in turn hires Munson) to conduct an investigation on the loyalty of Japanese Americans along the West Coast. Munson concludes that this segment of the community poses no threat to the government.
7 December 1941
Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, prompting the US to formally enter WWII. Within 24 hours, Japanese-American community leaders are arrested for their potential for treason. Items such as cameras, radios, and magazines are also confiscated.
19 February 1942
FDR signs Executive Order 9066, which deems Japanese Americans a threat to national security, forcing them into concentration camps.
1942
Dorothea Lange is hired by the federal government to photograph the camps, but her gritty, unsanitized work is ultimately impounded. Her straightforward and often disturbing record of life in the camps goes largely unseen until the 21st century.
28 March 1942
Yasui Minori willfully disregards curfew and demands to be arrested. He becomes the first Japanese American to openly defy the US Army's orders.
30 May 1942
Fred Korematsu resists Executive Order 9066. "Korematsu v. the United States" becomes a landmark case. The Supreme Court rules this detainment constitutional and a "military necessity."
12 June 1942
The 100th Infantry Battalion is formed, primarily composed of Nisei at this .
23 March 1943
The 442nd Infantry Regiment is established, also primarily made up of Nisei.
1943-1944
Famed landscape photographer Ansel Adams visits Manzanar to chronicle life in the concentration camps. Although his photos depict the more positive aspects of the camps, his exhibition "Born Free and Equal" is not received well in wartime America. At the time of his death, Adams worries these photographs are lost to history and, from a social perspective, considers them to be the most important work of his career.
March 1944
The 100th and 442nd arrive in Italy and assist in the battle to ultimately win back Rome.
18 December 1944
The Supreme Court rules in favor of Mitsuye Endo, who sued the United States for denying her the right to work due to the unlawful detention of Japanese Americans. The US declares that "loyal" Japanese Americans cannot be incarcerated without cause, leading to an announcement that the concentration camps would close by 1945.
2 May 1945
The 442nd comes across survivors of the Dachau Death March near the border of Austria. The Nazi escorts flee the scene and the soldiers of the 44nd provide food, water, and interim medical support to the survivors until medical professionals arrive at the scene.
7 May 1945
Germany formally surrenders, exiting the war.
6 August 1945, 9 August 1945
In order to quickly eliminate the Japanese threat and mitigate the number of American soldiers lost, the US drops atomic bombs on the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
2 September 1945
Japan surrenders, marking the official end of WWII.
20 March 1946
Tule Lake, a WRA-designated high-security center, is the last of the concentration camps to close, marking the end of Japanese-American incarceration.
16 February 1976
President Gerald Ford formally rescinds Executive Order 9066.
May 1979
The National Council for Japanese American Redress (NCJAR) is formed for the purpose of seeking redress for Japanese-American citizens affected by unlawful incarceration during WWII.
10 August 1988
President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which calls for a formal presidential apology and grants $1.6B in reparations to incarcerated Japanese Americans or their families
1990
Redress payments of $20,000 and a formal apology from President George H.W. Bush are presented to ~60,000 survivors of the concentration camps.
21 June 2000
President Bill Clinton bestows Congressional Medals of Honor to 21 Japanese-American war heroes, including Senator Daniel Inouye. 14 of these are given posthumously.